Hull Geological Society

Mike Horne FGS

Unfinished Works

This is unfinished work that has not been edited or peer reviewed by the Society.

TREASURE HOUSE

GEOLOGY DISPLAY

STORY BOARDS

 (incomplete plans for the 2007 geology display)

[Note - text in blue describes and add information to the main panel. Other stories can be used in files, leaflets and temporary displays]

 1.  The Main Map -

This is a diagram to show the geology of East Yorkshire. It shows which rocks can be found underneath the soil.  It covers a "natural" area that in places extends beyond the present county boundaries.

 Maps

 Maps are diagrams we use to show landscape features. The accuracy of the map will depend on the scale used and the accuracy of our knowledge. At small scales we can be very accurate - such as a plan of your house; at larger scales we exaggerate the features we wish to show - so on a road map a motorway may be shown as being 250m wide and local streets will not be shown.

 On geological maps we show where rocks of different types and age crop out on the surface, or where they could be seen if they were not covered with soil or buildings.

 Geological maps can be used to show the distribution of different rock types (such as limestones, sandstones and clays) or the geological time in which the rocks were deposited (like Middle Jurassic and Quaternary) or both sets of information. This map mainly concentrates on the geological time, but conveniently for some of these only one rock type was deposited (e.g. Chalk during the Late Cretaceous).

 On the main geology map of East Yorkshire we have exaggerated certain features: the width of Spurn Point and the width of the sub-crop of the Speeton Clay in the Vale of Pickering. In some places our geological knowledge is fuzzy because we cannot actually see the rocks beneath the soil - a trained geologist will use other clues in the landscape to trace the boundaries between the rocks.

 We have also compromised over the boundary for the Boulder Clay in Holderness, which we have shown as the approximate line of the pre-Ice Age cliff. The glaciers in the last Ice Age did ride over the cliff line and they deposited boulder clay as they retreated. You can see this on the smaller maps.

Geological maps use colours to represent the geological time periods, and in some ways these colours are are quite abstract. In the UK a convention has developed, mostly through the work of the British Geological Survey, in which Cretaceous rocks are shown in shades of green, Jurassic rocks in shades of yellow and brown and Carboniferous rocks in shades of blue. The rocks are not actually those colours! In this map we have tried to mimic the colours and textures of the rocks as you would actually see them.

[note -  Geologists talk about time units and rock-time units which often have the same name. Time units are split into Early, Middle and Late (in the same way as historians and archaeologists might talk about the Middle Ages or Victorian Times). Rock-time units are the rocks that formed during that time period, and are split into Lower, Middle and Upper. Thus Lower Jurassic rocks were deposited during the Middle Jurassic Period.]

 1A -

Geological Time-scale for East Yorkshire (also key to the map, East-West cross section and North-South Cross Section). Listed here with the youngest deposit first.

- Quaternary Deposits - boulder clay, sands and gravels left behind when the glaciers retreated about 12-16000 years ago. There are some deposits of alluvium and peat on top of this.

- Chalk - a very pure white limestone, about 400 metres thick, which is composed mainly of the remains of tiny calcareous algae. There are thins bands of marl (calcareous clay) in the chalk, some of these are the remains of volcanic ash falls. Some parts of the chalk contain flints that can be traced over huge distances. Aged about 97 to 80 million years (ma).

- Speeton Clay - a marine deposit of Early Cretaceous age (144 to 119 ma).

- Upper Jurassic Clays - dark shaley clays of Late Jurassic age (163 to 144 ma).

- Corallian - to the north of the Wolds these limestones were deposited in shallow seas during part of the Late Jurassic. (ca 160 ma).

- Middle Jurassic -  limestones, sandstones and clays. (188 to 163 ma).

- Lower Jurassic - clays, mudstones and limestones. (213 to 188 ma).

[note - Upper Triassic not shown separately - thin Rhaetic clays and limestones.]

- Middle Triassic -  mostly Mercia Mudstone - a red marly clay deposited in desert like conditions. (about 245 to 230 ma).

- Lower Triassic - Sherwood Sandstone - red sandstones deposited in desert like conditions (250 to 245 ma).

- Upper Permian - mostly Magnesian Limestone (ca 265 to 250 ma) - shown on part of the cross section but not exposed in our region. You can see it if you drive along the M18 near Doncaster (but don't stop to look at it!). It is used as a building stone for some churches such as St Mary's in Lowgate, Hull, Beverly Minster and St Mary's in Beverley.

- there are older rocks beneath the Permian ones but we have not shown those on the maps and cross sections because they do not crop out in East Yorkshire and our detailed knowledge of them has come from boreholes.

 1B -

Diagrammatic Geological cross section West to East, approximately through Hull, with the vertical scale exaggerated.

 3 - Sewerby Buried Cliff (cross-section)

You can see part of an ancient cliff and beach at Sewerby. At the base of the ancient chalk cliff is a raised beach that is about 2 m above present sea level (OD). There are chalk pebbles like the ones you can see on the present beach and some glacial erratics [rocks that have been brought here by the glaciers]. When G W Lamplugh excavated the section in the late 1880s he found the bones of elephants, rhinoceros, hyenas and hippos in the beach deposits (Catt 2001). Banked up against this is a deposit of sand that was blown there by cold-desert winds as the climate cooled and the sea levels fell.

 Key - oldest deposit listed first:

 - Chalk - This forms the solid cliffs of Flamborough Head. The Chalk at Sewerby is the youngest exposed on the coast and is about 80 million years old. After it formed as a soft white ooze, it was buried, compressed and turned to stone. It was then uplifted, tilted and eroded to form the present cliff line. At the base of the ancient cliff line there is an ancient wave-cut platform [ledge of rock revealed at low tide].

- raised beach - this ancient pebble beach was deposited about 120 000 years ago, during a warm period. It is made up of rounded pebbles of chalk and some erratics, just like parts of the present day beach.

- chalk scree - as the climate cooled and sea level fell frost shattered the chalk of the cliff and pieces fell on top of the ancient beach deposit.

- chalk wash - finer chalk gravel was washed on top of the scree.

- wind blown sand - as the climate grew even colder, there was not much water around. Winds eroded the area blowing and winnowing the sand and silt which was banked up against the base of the old cliff. Similar deposits of sand and loess [wind blown silt] have been found on the western edge of the Wolds too.

- chalk wash - a solifluction deposit of fine angular chalk gravel mixed with loess (Catt 2001). For much of the year the ground was frozen and when it did thaw in the summer the slurry flowed down the slope over the sands.

- Boulder Clay - a large glacier ran into the Bay of Holderness and over the top of the cliff, bringing with it huge quantities of mud and rocks that it collected on its journey. When the glacier melted this Boulder Clay was left behind.

- Sewerby Gravels - poorly sorted gravels and sands that were washed out of the glacier as it melted in a river of fast flowing water.

- soil - as things warmed up after the last Ice Age normal soils started to form. But it was still cold -- at Sewerby some superb examples of Ice Wedge casts can be seen in the top of the Gravels.

Samples collected for the display or TH collection- top first

Sewerby Gravels

Chalk wash (solifluction deposit)

?sandy silt

Wind blown sand

Chalk pebbles from ancient raised beach

Sand from present beach for comparison.

 4.  East Yorkshire during the Ice Age.

This diagram shows some of the features of the geography during the last Ice Age. The large area of North Sea Ice filled the Bay of Holderness and rode up over the ancient Chalk Cliff line. It blocked the eastern ends of the Vale of Pickering and the Humber Gap. Another smaller glacier partly filled the Vale of York from the north. There would have been very little vegetation over the land due to the cold weather. As the deeper ground was frozen a lot of the time, water would not have been able to permeate through the rocks, so there could have been rivers flowing over the Chalk and Limestone slopes. The rivers could not flow east to the sea. Lakes developed in the Esk valley (Bell 1996), the Vale of Pickering and Vale of York which later drained southwards to the Wash through Lincolnshire.

The map is not of any specific time period. The features changed through time.

Key -

Ice in White.

Land in muddy green

Fresh water lakes and rivers in blue

 5.  Possible Geography of East Yorkshire in the future.

The cliffs of Holderness are made of Boulder Clay - a mix of boulders, pebbles, sand, silt and clay dumped by the glaciers when they melted. It is not a solid rock and is gradually being eroded by the sea at a rate of about 2 metres per year (about 2 1/2 million tonnes of boulder clay per year in total). The rate of erosion seems to be increased to the south of any sea defences, probably because the beaches are deprived of the sand that protects the base of the cliff.

 As our climate warms sea level is rises. Water expands as it warms up and the water frozen in glaciers is released as they melt and recede. Global sea levels are rising about 1 metre every hundred years. The land may also be rising or falling (but that is another story and one which does not affect East Yorkshire very much).

 For this diagram of East Yorkshire in about five hundred years time we have assumed that there has been coastal erosion and sea level rise at the present rates. The rate of erosion will increase in areas of lower cliffs as sea level rises. We have assumed that Bridlington, Barmston, Hornsea, Withernsea and Easington will continue to be defended against erosion. We have ignored the probability of towns and cities in the Hull Valley being defended by dykes.

 If the rate of global warming increases the sea level rise could happen much more rapidly!

 Key -

sea in blue

land in brown

6 - Sources of the Erratics of Holderness.

 During the Ice Ages glaciers picked up bits of rock as they travelled and later deposited these "erratics" when they melted. The glaciers have brought a lot of rocks to Holderness. Some of the rocks are distinctive and we can recognise their geological age and provenance. Others are common throughout the country and could have come from virtually anywhere.

 We can find Shap Granite from Cumbria, green slates from the southern Lake District, sandstones and Granites from Scotland, volcanic lavas from the Cheviots, coral limestone from Weardale, volcanic lavas and rocks from Norway and amber, perhaps from the Baltic.

 Other rocks and fossils we can see for ourselves on the coast of north Yorkshire: Gryphaea and ammonites at Whitby and Staithes; Sandstones at Scarborough, belemnites at Speeton and Chalk at Flamborough. But we must not assume that these erratics came from these places: those rocks also occur in the bed of the North Sea and during the Ice Ages that area was above sea level and being scraped by the glaciers!

 Although we have shown the localities with a straight line to Holderness, the glaciers did not necessarily take the direct route; unlike Roman road builders most ice flows would have gone around hills! The erratics did not all arrive at the same time, they may have been transported during different ice ages and even recycled several times.

 7 - Erratics in the Boulder Clay.

 During the Ice Ages glaciers picked up bits of rock as they travelled and later deposited these "erratics" when they melted. Softer rocks will have been ground to powder, particularly if they travelled a long distance. We know that there was a lot of abrasion and grinding going on in the glaciers because some pieces or limestone and chalk have polished faces and scratched on them.

 Generally only the tougher rocks survived: pebbles of quartz, granites and volcanic rocks are common. Chalk is also a common constituent; it is softer and has probably has not travelled so far as the harder rocks and minerals.

 Fossils are usually quite fragile. Some of the tougher fossils survive - Gryphaea an oyster with a thick shell, belemnites made of solid calcite, corals embedded in Carboniferous Limestone, sea urchins in flint and ammonites in tough Jurassic nodules.

 All of the examples illustrated here were found in the Boulder Clays of Holderness.

 Examples -

 7A

Gryphaea arcuata a type of oyster common on the sea floor in early Jurassic times (Hettangian to L Sinemurian stages  - about 210-205 million years ago or ma). A larger version G. gigantea can also be found as an erratic. A later species G. bilobata  can be found in the Kellaways Rock (about 165 ma) in the South Cave area.

 7B

Dactylioceras commune a common ammonite in early Jurassic times (Middle Toarcian stage about 190 ma). Ammonites are related to the present day Nautilus and the octopus. There is another species D. tenuicostatum with finer ornament.

 7C

Belemnites are the remains from inside a squid-like animal. [include reconstruction] These are specimens of Acroteuthis from the Early Cretaceous (Valanginian stage - ca 135 ma.) They can also be seen in situ in the Speeton Clay of Filey Bay.

 7D

Sea Urchin (or Echinoid).  This Echinocorys is preserved in flint, which formed within the Chalk. It is of Late Cretaceous age (90 to 80 ma).

 7E

Ammonite - Pleuroceras. Pliensbachian stage. (ca 200 ma)

 7F

Cardinia this little bivalve (mussels are also bivalves - they have two shells) is quite a common erratic on the Holderness beaches. (Hettangian to Sinemurian stages  - about 210 to 200 ma). Occasionally you might find the larger species C. concinna, which can also be found in ironstone of the quarries in Scunthorpe (Knell 1988), though the erratics have not travelled north from there!

 Others that could be used in the files later ....

 Corals in Carboniferous Limestone - much older than the other fossils [ about 350 ma] ....

17 - photographs of East Yorkshire to show the relationship between landscape and geology -

 possibilities -

 Spurn Point (aerial photograph) -  a long spit of land shaped by long-shore drift, that stretches out into the mouth of the Humber Estuary. Periodically the sea breaks through the spit and washes it away and another one forms to replace it further to the west.

 Tilted Chalk. (examples - Foxholes, Langtoft, Scale Nab and Old Dor) - The Chalk is a very pure white limestone. It was slowly deposited in a calm shelf sea as horizontal layers. The soft ooze hardened and turned to stone.  The horizontal strata can become tilted or folded by earth movements.  When the African continent moved north and collided with the Europe it pushed the rocks together. This squeezing of the rocks caused the folding we see in the Chalk of the Yorkshire Wolds.

If you take a piece of paper, lay it flat on a table and then push two ends of it towards each other - it will start to fold due to the pressure. It is similar with rocks - they have to fold or tear to accommodate the shortening.

Chalk buildings (such as the old Flamborough Lighthouse) - Although the Chalk is the dominant hard stone of the county it does not make a good building stone. This is because it will absorb water which can freeze in winter causing the rock to shatter. However there is a band of harder chalk running east-west along the northern edge of the Wolds through Flamborough Head. This chalk is tougher because it has been affected by the pressure that caused the faulting and folding that can be seen in the area. This harder chalk had been used in some old buildings, but usually the edges of walls are made of bricks, which are less porous.

 Limestone Churches - on the western side of the Wolds oolitic limestones of Jurassic age can be found. These limestones are made up of little rounded particles of lime mud that look like fish eggs (ooliths). These formed in a warm shallow sea in which the particles were washed gently around gathering thin layers of fine calcite mud. [note - I can provide a photograph of this taken through a microscope] . These buff and honey coloured limestones have been extensively quarried to provide local stone for village churches and other buildings.

 Orchids in chalk pastures - an example of lime-loving plants that are dependent on the geology for their distribution.

 A dry valley - water will usually percolate through the Chalk so there are no rivers. But during the cold periods of the Ice Ages the ground was frozen and any water from rain, melting ice or glaciers could not travel down through the frozen chalk. It drained away through streams and rivers cutting valley into the Chalk. That is why we have valleys in the Wolds that no longer contain rivers!

 The eroding coastline - The Bolder Clay of Holderness forms low cliffs that are being eroded by the sea at rate of about 1-2 metres per year. The Boulder Clay (or Till) has not been lithified into a sold rock. The clay can absorb and trap water, and when it becomes over-saturated the cliff will slump. The waves that reach the base of the cliff will slowly wash the clay, silt and sand away leaving the pebbles and boulders on the beach. Over the centuries many villages have been lost into the sea due to erosion and  coastal roads have been closed and diverted.

 We have decided to protect parts of the coastline with groynes, "rock-armour" and sea walls. These reduce the effects of the long-shore drift that washed sandy sediment southwards down the coast, trapping it and allowing a permanent beach to develop. The waves will break on the beach before they reach the base of the cliff, allowing the cliff to stabilise because its foot is not continuously being washed away. The rock armour also dissipates the force of the waves. The sea walls take the full force of the waves and themselves have to be repaired periodically or protected by rock-armour.

 These sea defences are expensive and have to be maintained. We have protected places like Bridlington, Hornsea, Mappleton and Withernsea from erosion in this way. But the beaches to the south are starved of the sand that is trapped by the defences leaving them prone to increased rates of erosion.

 The North Sea gas terminals at Easington have had to be protected also because they were built close to the cliff. When they were built in the late 1960s the gas was expected to last for a dozen years; but more gas was found than was expected and they will now be needed for longer! Gas is also being imported from Norway through a pipeline to the site.

Part of Spurn Point has hard sea defences, but the owners have decided not to maintain them and they are now being washed away.

 Other possibilities -

 Holderness - perhaps Kelsey Hill

Chalk cave/stack/cliff at Flamborough

Herringbone cobble wall from Holderness

Sea defences/groynes

A gravel pit

North Sea Gas terminal

A building with subsidence

Humber Bridge (problems with geology when building!)

Hornsea Mere the last of over a hundred - the others have filled up with silt and peat.

An ancient mere being eroded by the sea - e.g. Skipsea Withow Mere.

 12 - the Market Weighton High.

 During Jurassic and Early Cretaceous times an area around Market Weighton, with an east-west trend, was a structural 'high' and had a major affect on the geography of the region and the rocks that were deposited. There are indications that it continued to influence the deposition of the Upper Cretaceous Chalk, but to a lesser extent and its origins go back to much earlier geological times.

 Geophysical surveys have revealed that there is an area of lower than average gravity in the Market Weighton area. This is caused by rocks that are slightly less dense than average. It is generally believed that this is a granite at depth, but it could also be a salt intrusion or a graben (steep sided valley) filled with limestone.

 This lower density rock caused the area to 'float' up forming either an area of shallower sea or even dry land. We know that a significant quantity of Jurassic and Early Cretaceous sedimentary rocks were either never deposited over the 'high' or have subsequently been eroded before the deposition of the Chalk. Diagram 12a shows the thicknesses of the rock beneath the Red Chalk Formation that occurs at the base of the Chalk. At Speeton you can see Lower Cretaceous Speeton Clay (144 to 119  million years old) beneath the Red Chalk, but at Rifle Butts SSSI near Market Weighton the rocks beneath the Red Chalk are of Early Jurassic Age  (194 ma). Therefore we can recognise a major geological time gap, called an unconformity. At Rifle Butts, a potential 1 000 metres of rock covering a time span of about 95 million years is missing.

 Sometimes the Market Weighton 'high' formed a barrier between different environments and ecosystems; with different rocks being deposited to the north and south. Examples of this are illustrated in 12b and 12c.

 12a - diagrammatic cross-section north-south showing the thicknesses of the rocks beneath the chalk.

 12b -  Middle Jurassic Geography -

To the south of the 'high' we can find oolitic limestones, deposited in gentle shallow seas, which were inhabited by scallops, sea urchins and crinoids. To the north was an area of deltas and estuaries in which rivers deposited sands and mud. Plants such as horsetails, ferns, gingkoes and conifers grew in the area and dinosaurs roamed leaving their footprints behind.

12c - Early Cretaceous Geography -

To the south in Lincolnshire a series of limestones, sandstones and ironstones formed in shallow seas.

To the north grey clays formed in deeper water.

 12d - geological structures that affect out region.

East Yorkshire before the last Ice Age - map.

The North Sea came up to edge of the Wolds and there was a cliff, like the one we now see at Flamborough, from Bridlington to Hessle. At the base of this cliff there was a beach. You can see the ancient cliff and beach at Sewerby. We are not sure about the river drainage patterns. Water will permeate down through the Chalk rather than form rivers.

 11. Reconstructing past environments.

By examining the fossils we find preserved in a sedimentary rock, a geologist can discover clues about the ancient environment. The type of sediment is the first clue - sand can form on a beach, oolitic limestones in a gentle marine lagoon and clays in still sea or lake beds. We can find fossils of creatures which swam around, floated around, crawled on the bottom or burrowed into the sediment. Of course we have not got all the pieces of the "jig-saw" - plants and soft bodied animals are rarely fossilised and others have just been lost.

[example - Cave Oolite and/or Kellaways Rock]

13 . Rocks that shape our landscape.

... tough rocks are more resistant to erosion and will form hills, whilst others are softer and form in valleys. The Chalk forms the Wolds and to the north the Jurassic clays form the Vale of Pickering.

Some rocks are permeable (water can drain through them); others are impervious (water will have to flow over them). Water can percolate down through Limestones and Chalk, so there are no rivers in the Wolds except where ancient valleys are lined with boulder clay or where water emerges from springs at the base of the chalk where it lies above clay. 

The dip of the rocks will influence the shape of hills - as seen in the steeper scarp slope of the Wolds to the north and east, and the gentler dip slope pointing towards Hornsea.

 Weaknesses in the rocks such as faults (where the rocks have been moved up and down or from side to side) will be exploited by rivers and the sea (e.g. the course of the Gipsey Race follows a fault and Selwicks Bay at Flamborough is cut into rocks weakened by faulting).

 As well as eroding rocks water transports the resulting sediment and can redeposit it - this is going on with the periodic breaching and rebuilding of the Spurn Peninsula.

[photographic examples - possibly a dry Wolds valley, Flamborough Headland, aerial shot of Spurn, Kelsey Hill in Holderness.].

 14 Rocks that shape our lives.

 Where to build - geology affects the drainage of the land and its ability to support the foundations of buildings. Clays are soft when waterlogged and shrink when they dry out.

Water supply - water percolates down through chalk and limestones and re-emerges as springs if clays lie beneath. If you look at a map of East Yorkshire you will see a line of villages around the Wolds that are there because of the fresh water springs.

 Building stones and materials - geology also provides the raw materials for our buildings. The Corallian and Middle Jurassic provide limestones for villages to the west of the Wolds. Although the Chalk is quite hard it readily absorbs water which will cause it to shatter in winter frosts. The chalk is occasionally used as a building stone on the northern edge of the Wolds and Flamborough where is it harder. Clay can be fired to make bricks - the predominant building material in Hull which sits on Boulder Clay. Clay and limestone are the main ingredients for making Portland Cement - the Chalk rests on Upper Jurassic clays around the Humber Gap and are (and were) used to make cement at South Ferriby and Melton.

 15 rocks that shape nature.

Slope

Drainage or waterlogged....

Lime ... or acid soils

[examples - orchids, cottongrass???]

 16 doing geology -

 16a -  Warning

Collecting rocks and fossils is fun, but can be dangerous. Do not stand under cliffs. Avoid incoming tides. Quarries are privately owned: do not enter sites without the owner's permission and follow all the safety instructions you are given.

 16b - hammering.

Geologists hit rocks with hammers so that they can see an unweathered surface or to extract fossils. You should always use a geological hammer that has been specially tempered for that purpose. You should never hammer when other people are standing near you as they could be injured by flying fragments. You should always wear safety glasses or goggles as splinters of rock can damage your eyes.

 16c - collecting.

There are plenty of rocks for you to see, and they are best appreciated in their natural context. Please do not damage rock faces by irresponsible hammering. Please leave rocks and fossils where they are for others to appreciate. If you do need to collect specimens try to find ones that are already loose on the ground. Remember that the scientific importance of a specimen lies in its provenance - so accurately record where and when you found it in a note book. If you decide that you no longer need your collection please offer it to a museum so that others can appreciate it.

 8 Using fossils to tell the time.

Some species of plants and animals evolve and become extinct quite rapidly. If these become fossilised and are common, geologists can use them to correlate the ages of the rocks. G W Lamplugh used distinctive belemnite fossils to divide the marine Lower Cretaceous clays at Speeton.

[diagram - with species and thickness of rocks]

 9 What is a fossil?

 10.What is the Chalk made of?

 Sources used -

 Bell R 1996. Yorkshire Rock - a journey through time. British Geological Survey. 64pp.

 Briden J C 1981. Tyne-Tees [map] sheet 54N 02W, solid geology, 1: 250 000. British Geological Survey.

 British Geological Survey 1995. Beverley [map] sheet 72, solid and drift, 1:50 000 provisional series

 British Geological Survey 1985.  Flamborough and Bridlington [map] sheet 55 & 65, solid and drift, 1:50 000 provisional series.

 British Geological Survey 1983. Great Driffield [map] sheet 64, solid and drift, 1:50 000 provisional series

 British Geological Survey 1983. Kingston upon Hull [map] sheet 80, solid and drift, 1:50 000

 British Geological Survey 2000.  Pickering [map] sheet 53, solid and drift, 1:50 000 provisional series.

 Catt J A 2001. Sewerby [buried cliff] p 83-8 of Bateman et al. (eds) The Quaternary of East Yorkshire and North Lincolnshire. Quaternary Research Association Field Guide. 218pp

 Horne M  & Dutton C 1999. Rifle Butts SSSI. Humberside Geologist 12, 37-39.

 Gaunt G D, T P Fletcher and C J Wood, 1992. The geology of the country around Kingston upon Hull and Brigg. British Geological Survey. HMSO London. ix + 172pp.

 Kent P 1980. British Regional Geology. Eastern England from the Tees to the Wash. H.M.S.O. London, 155pp, 21 pl.

 Knell S J 1988. The natural history of the Frodingham Ironstone. Scunthorpe Museum and Art Gallery, 24pp

 Lemon R R 1990. Principles of Stratigraphy.  Merrill Publishing Company, Columbus, OH. 539pp.

 Natural History Museum - British Mesozoic Fossils. 207pp.

 Ordnance Survey -  Explorer series maps 1:25 000 scale - sheets - 292, 293, 294, 295, 300 and 301.

 Ordnance Survey - quarter-inch maps 1:250 000 scale -  sheets 9 and 11.

 Ordnance Survey -  Landranger series maps 1:50 000 scale -  sheets 105, 106  and 113.

 Rayner D H & Hemingway J E (eds.) 1974. The Geology and Mineral Resources of Yorkshire. Yorkshire Geological Society, Leeds ix + 405pp, 6pl.

 Smith A B & D J Batten (eds.) 2002. Fossils of the Chalk 2nd edition. The Paleontological Association, London. 374pp.

 Thickpenny A, C G Godwin and R J Tappin 1983. Humber-Trent, sheet 53N 02W, solid geology, 1:250 000 [map] British Geological Survey.

 Acknowledgements -

 Field work -

•  Hornsea and Mappleton  - 27th August 2006 - Barrie Heaton, Keith Britton, Mike Horne, Nigel Whittington, Paul Richards, Stuart Jones, Sue Cawkwell, Terry Rockett.

• Skipsea, Withernsea, Dimlington. 10th  September 2006 - Anne Horne, Mike Horne.

• Sewerby fieldwork - 8th October 2006 - Ian Heppenstall, Mike Horne, Paul Hardy and Stuart Jones.

help -

•  Hull Geological Society for organising fieldwork and copyright permission for use of published works.

• Hull Geological Society Library for loan of maps.

• Centre for Lifelong Learning at University of Hull for loan of books and maps.

•  Stuart Jones for loan of specimens.

•  Barrie Heaton, Mike Horne and Stuart Jones for donation of specimens for the display.

•  Anne Horne, Derek Gobbett and Nikki Abramson for proof reading.

•  Nikki Abramson for artwork for the display.

 NOTE -

Drawers beneath permanent display are 23" wide x 10" x 3.5" high

Display cabinet is 26" wide x 15" deep x 56" tall and 30" off the floor. This means that there is about space for specimens on the bottom of the cabinet and 2 shelves.

Copyright - Hull Geological Society 2022

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